Bear eats campers as they slept

One man was killed and a man and a woman were injured afterbeing eaten by bears in attacks in the middle of the night on Wednesday at a popular campground on the edge of Yellowstone Park, Montana in late July 2010.

Montana Fish, Wildlife and Parks Department spokesman Ron Aasheim said it was believed one bear was involved and at least two tents were left in tatters in the attack, which occurred at the height of the tourist season.

"I thought I would be dinner," said Deb Freele, 58, of London, Ontario, who recalled awakening from in her tent to find a bear chewing on her arm.

"Within hundredths of seconds, I felt the teeth in my arm, heard bones breaking. I screamed and that seemed to aggravate him. He sunk his teeth into me again," she recounted in a telephone interview from her hospital room in Cody, Wyoming.

“I had a sense that something wasn’t right, but I hadn’t heard anything. I had just woken up and felt a bit of pressure on the tent, and he closed his jaws right down on my arm. Then I screamed. Then he bit harder and I screamed more,” Freele said from her hospital bed.

“It was a brutal attack. It wasn’t like, ‘Oops, I made a mistake brewing beer.’ He was out to get me and the other people,” Freele said. She described the bear’s attack as silent and methodical, giving her the feeling that she was being hunted.

“It hurt. I can’t describe the pain. I couldn’t control the screaming, and I knew what was happening. I thought I was dead, and couldn’t believe it was happening. I thought, ‘This doesn’t compute, it just doesn’t jive, with what I understand about bears,’” she said.

Here's a picture of the 'mother' bear that was caught with some others that were believed to have been the people eaters. The fate of this bear was to be put down after it was determined after DNA tests confirmed it was the responsible bear. This was done using hair, saliva and tissue samples. Her three cups would be sent to a local zoo.

Soda Butte, which offers 27 campsites in a national forest known for its blue-ribbon trout fishing, was immediately evacuated and nearby campgrounds were closed after Wednesday's attacks.

Wildlife officials launched an all-out search for the bear, or bears, including the use of aeroplanes and helicopters on the lookout for radio-collared animals or others in the vicinity. Eventually, the beers were caught in the traps as seen in the photograph below:

Tony Latham, a retired conservation officer who has investigated previous bear maulings in the region, said predatory attacks on people are unusual, especially if fatal.

"In my 22 years as an officer in Idaho, there was only one predatory attack, and the person got away by getting into a river," he said. "I don't believe there was ever anyone killed in Idaho by a caustic bear in those 22 years."

Phew, time for a soda stream carbonated beer then eh?

What do Jelly Fish eat? And who eats them?

Marine life guide

What Do Jellyfish Eat? Diet, Feeding Habits, Predators, Prey, and the Science of How Jellyfish Digest Food

What do jellyfish eat? 

At the simplest level, most jellyfish eat drifting animals, not plants. Their prey usually includes zooplankton, fish eggs, fish larvae, and tiny crustaceans. 

Larger species can also take shrimp, juvenile fish, and even other jellyfish. 

That answer sounds simple, but the real story is more interesting, because jellyfish eat in a way that hardly resembles the feeding style of a fish, squid, or crab.

People searching what do jellyfish eat, how do jellyfish eat, jellyfish diet, jellyfish predators, or how do jellyfish digest food are really asking one larger question. How does a soft-bodied drifter with no bones, no jaws, and no brain in the usual sense survive so effectively in the ocean?

Quick answer: jellyfish are mostly opportunistic carnivores.

They catch prey with tentacles armed with stinging cells, move food with oral arms, and digest it inside a gastrovascular cavity.

That makes jellyfish both predators and prey in the marine food web.

A jellyfish can look delicate, but it is built to intercept prey with remarkable efficiency.

Are jellyfish fish, and why does that matter to their diet?

Jellyfish are not fish. They belong to the phylum Cnidaria, a group known for radial symmetry, tentacles, and specialised stinging cells called cnidocytes. That distinction matters because the jellyfish diet is shaped by a body plan that works through contact, not pursuit. A fish usually chases, bites, filters, or sucks in prey. A jellyfish intercepts.

Most familiar jellyfish spend part of their lives in the medusa form, the bell-shaped adult stage most people picture first. In that stage, the animal pulses through the water column and turns currents, prey density, and tentacle contact into feeding success. 

So when people ask what does a jellyfish eat or what is the diet of a jellyfish, the answer begins with the fact that jellyfish are gelatinous predators designed to meet prey in the water rather than chase it down.

What do jellyfish eat in the ocean?

What do jellyfish eat in the ocean?

Most jellyfish feed on zooplankton, copepods, fish eggs, fish larvae, and tiny crustaceans. 

That means the food of jellyfish is usually built around drifting life small enough to be trapped by tentacles and pulled toward the mouth. Larger species can also eat shrimp, juvenile fish, and other jellyfish, especially in waters where prey is concentrated.

This is why so many search phrases cluster around the same idea, what jellyfish eat, what do jellyfishes eat, what does jellyfish eat, and what does the jellyfish eat all point back to a similar answer. Jellyfish eat living prey that comes within reach. 

They are not browsing on seaweed or sipping nutrients from the water. They are carnivores, even if their feeding style looks passive from a human point of view.

• Zooplankton, especially copepods and other tiny drifting animals
• Fish eggs and fish larvae in spawning and nursery waters
• Small crustaceans and larval marine invertebrates
• Juvenile fish in some larger species
• Other jellyfish when the species and conditions allow it

So if someone asks jellyfish eat what, the shortest accurate answer is this. Jellyfish eat whatever suitable prey drifts into range and can be captured, immobilised, and swallowed.

How do jellyfish eat, and how do jellyfish feed?

How do jellyfish eat? 

They do it with a deceptively simple system made of tentacles, oral arms, stinging cells, and a digestive cavity. How do jellyfish feed? They move through prey-rich water, make contact with living prey, trigger stinging structures called nematocysts, and transfer the prey toward the mouth. That means the answer to how does jellyfish eat, how does a jellyfish eat, and how do jellyfish get food is broadly the same.

The real science is worth slowing down for. A cnidocyte is the specialised cell. Inside it sits a nematocyst, a microscopic capsule that fires a tightly coiled thread when stimulated. That thread can stick, penetrate, or entangle prey depending on the species. In practical terms, the tentacles create the capture zone, and the nematocysts make it much harder for prey to escape.

From there, oral arms help guide the prey toward the mouth. The bell is not just a pretty umbrella shape either. Bell pulsing helps the jellyfish maintain position, move through the water, and increase the chance that drifting prey will hit its capture surfaces. 

So when readers ask how to jellyfish eat or how jellyfish eat, the answer is not that jellyfish lazily float and hope. Their whole anatomy is tuned to make drifting contact biologically productive.

How do jellyfish catch their prey and digest food?

How do jellyfish catch their prey? Contact is everything. A fish larva, copepod, or other small drifting animal brushes the tentacles, the nematocysts fire, and the prey is held or stunned long enough to be moved toward the mouth. This is the biological core behind questions like how do jellyfish catch their prey and how do jellyfish capture and digest their prey.

How do jellyfish digest food? 

Once the prey is swallowed, digestion begins inside a gastrovascular cavity. Unlike animals with a fully separate gut, jellyfish use this central chamber for both digestion and nutrient distribution. Enzymes break down soft tissues, nutrients are absorbed through surrounding tissues, and waste is expelled back through the same opening used for feeding. That is the essence of jellyfish digestion.

What looks primitive is actually efficient for the animal's lifestyle. A jellyfish does not need a complex intestine if it is swallowing small soft-bodied prey and living in a buoyant environment. 

That is why questions like how do jellyfish digest, how do jellyfish digest food, and how do jellyfish capture and digest their prey all converge on the same answer, prey is intercepted, transferred inward, chemically broken down, and absorbed through a very simple but effective internal system.

Background reading: jellyfish overview.

Do jellyfish eat fish, and can jellyfish eat other jellyfish?

Do jellyfish eat fish? Yes, some do. Most jellyfish rely most heavily on zooplankton and other tiny prey, but larger jellies can catch fish eggs, larval fish, very small fish, and weak-swimming juveniles. So phrases like do jellyfish eat fish, can jellyfish eat fish, does jellyfish eat fish, and jellyfish eating fish are not just awkward search variants. They point to a real biological phenomenon.

Do jellyfish eat other jellyfish? Some species do, especially when smaller gelatinous animals drift close enough to be captured. In bloom conditions or high-density feeding situations, jellyfish prey can include other jellies. This is one reason why the jellyfish diet is better understood as opportunistic rather than fixed. What a jellyfish eats depends on species, size, habitat, and what the water is bringing within reach.

A nearly transparent body can make a drifting predator harder for prey to detect.

How do jellyfish find food, and when do jellyfish feed best?

How do jellyfish find food? Mostly by being in the right water at the right time. They do not patrol the sea like tuna, seals, or squid. Instead, they feed most effectively where tides, currents, water layers, and prey blooms gather plankton, larvae, and eggs into dense patches. That is why questions like how do jellyfish find food and how do jellyfish get food are really questions about ocean conditions as much as jellyfish behaviour.

There is also some important marine science here. Many planktonic animals undergo diel vertical migration, moving upward toward the surface at night and downward in daylight. That often creates better feeding conditions for jellyfish at dusk, dawn, or overnight, because prey becomes more available in the upper water column.

So when readers ask how much do jellyfish eat or how and what do jellyfish eat, part of the answer is timing. 

Feeding success rises when prey is concentrated, and jellyfish blooms can take major advantage of those conditions.

What eats jellyfish, and are jellyfish predators or prey?

Jellyfish predators are a major part of the story. Are jellyfish predators or prey? They are both. Jellyfish prey on smaller drifting animals, but jellyfish themselves are eaten by sea turtles, ocean sunfish, some larger fish, seabirds, and sea stars. 

So if someone asks what eats jellyfish, who eats jellyfish, what animals eat jellyfish, what are jellyfish predators, or predators of the jellyfish, the answer always points back to the same ecological truth. Jellyfish sit in the middle of the food web.

That is what makes the food chain of a jellyfish so interesting. A jellyfish eats plankton, eggs, larvae, and other small prey. Then a turtle, fish, or sea star may eat the jellyfish. 

This dual role is why the question is a jellyfish a predator or prey has only one honest answer, both. A jellyfish is a predator when feeding, and prey when another animal turns it into food.

Fish do eat jellyfish, especially smaller species, injured jellies, or exposed tissue.

A weakened or stranded jellyfish becomes easy prey on the seafloor.

Leatherbacks are among the best-known jellyfish predators in the wild.

What does the box jellyfish eat, and how do box jellyfish eat?

What does the box jellyfish eat? 

Box jellyfish often take small fish, fish larvae, shrimp, and other active prey. Because box jellyfish are more agile swimmers than many of the classic moon-jelly style species, the box jellyfish diet can be more fish-heavy and more selective. 

So phrases like what does a box jellyfish eat, what do box jellyfish eat, what does box jellyfish eat, and box jellyfish food all point toward the same broader pattern, box jellies are often more active hunters.

How do box jellyfish eat? The core mechanism is still tentacle capture followed by transfer to the mouth, but in box jellyfish that mechanism is paired with stronger swimming and, in many species, more advanced sensory structures. 

In plain terms, they are not built like passive drifting bags. They are closer to active ambush hunters among the jellyfish world. So if someone asks how does a box jellyfish eat or how do box jellyfish eat, the answer is still capture, immobilise, swallow, digest, but with a more aggressive feeding style than many other jellies.

Why do jellyfish blooms matter so much?

Jellyfish feeding habits become much more important during blooms. A bloom means many jellyfish feeding at once in water that is already favourable for survival and prey capture. More jellyfish, more contact with prey, and more digestion happening across the same area can sharply reduce the number of eggs, larvae, and zooplankton available to other species.

This is where the science of jellyfish diets becomes an ecosystem question. A single jellyfish may not seem like much, but a dense bloom can alter local food webs, pressure fish recruitment, and shift who gets to eat the most abundant small life in a bay, estuary, or coastal shelf system. 

That is why jellyfish diet, jellyfish feeding habits, jellyfish prey, and jellyfish predators and prey belong in one semantic group. They all describe how jellyfish fit into a living marine system rather than just what one individual animal happens to eat.

What do jellyfish eat for kids?

What do jellyfish eat for kids? The easy answer is that jellyfish mostly eat tiny animals floating in the sea. These include plankton, baby fish, fish eggs, and tiny shrimp-like creatures. They catch food with their tentacles and then move it into their mouth.

Are jellyfish predators or prey for kids? Both. A jellyfish can catch small animals, but turtles and some fish can also eat jellyfish. So even a simple kid-friendly explanation still shows the same important idea, jellyfish are part of the ocean food chain from both directions.

Short FAQ: common jellyfish diet questions answered clearly

Do jellyfish eat?

Yes. Jellyfish eat living prey, mostly zooplankton, fish eggs, fish larvae, and tiny crustaceans.

What does a jellyfish eat?

Most jellyfish eat drifting animals rather than plants. Some larger ones can also eat small fish and other jellyfish.

How does a jellyfish feed?

A jellyfish feeds by trapping prey with tentacles, firing nematocysts, moving the prey to the mouth, and digesting it inside a gastrovascular cavity.

Do fish eat jellyfish?

Yes. Some fish eat jellyfish, especially smaller species, damaged individuals, or exposed tissue. Turtles and sea stars also prey on jellyfish.

What do jellyfish feed on in the wild?

In the wild, jellyfish feed on prey that drifts into reach, especially zooplankton, larvae, eggs, and tiny crustaceans concentrated by currents and tides.

What is a jellyfish diet?

A jellyfish diet is mostly carnivorous. It varies by species, but it generally centres on drifting animal prey, not plant material.

What are the predators of jellyfish?

The best-known predators of jellyfish include sea turtles, ocean sunfish, some fish, seabirds, and certain sea stars.

What can eat a jellyfish?

A jellyfish can be eaten by turtles, fish, seabirds, and sea stars, depending on the species and the environment.

Tuatara: Living Fossils

New Zealand's Living Fossil: The Sole Survivor

The tuatara is New Zealand's famous gift to the world, scientifically revered because it is the only survivor of an ancient group of reptiles that roamed the earth at the same time as dinosaurs. 

To call them "lizards" is a common mistake; they belong to a distinct order called Rhynchocephalia (beak-heads).

While lizards and snakes evolved into thousands of different species, the dinosaur era relatives of tuatara died out about 60 million years ago, leaving the tuatara as the last standing member of this lineage. 

This is why the tuatara is often called a ‘living fossil’ - they provide a biological window into the Triassic period, over 200 million years ago.

Hi, I'm Terry Tuatara, I breathe only once per hour!

 

Physiological Marvels: The Third Eye
One of the most fascinating "expert" facts about the tuatara is their "third eye." Located on the top of their head, this parietal eye has a retina, lens, cornea, and nerve endings. 

While it is visible in hatchlings as a translucent patch, it eventually becomes covered with scales. 

It doesn't see images, but it absorbs UV light to regulate their circadian rhythms and seasonal cycles.

A Diet of Opportunity
Tuatara are famous for feeding on the New Zealand weta, a giant flightless cricket that is an ideal meal for this nocturnal hunter. 

However, they are opportunistic carnivores that predominantly prey on a wide variety of invertebrates, including beetles, crickets, and spiders.

Their unique dentition aids this diet: they have two rows of teeth on the top jaw and one on the bottom. When they bite, the bottom row slides between the top two, creating a shearing mechanism perfect for sawing through the hard exoskeletons of insects. 

Their diet also consists of frogs, lizards, and even their own young (cannibalism is a known threat in dense populations).

Weta ya reckon? Nice picture?

Conservation and Habitat
Tuatara once lived throughout the mainland of New Zealand, but the introduction of mammalian predators - specifically rats (kiore) and later Europeans - drove them to extinction in that habitat. They are unable to reproduce fast enough to survive predation; a female breeds only once every 2 to 5 years, and the eggs take up to 15 months to hatch.

They are now found only on 37 off-shore islands and mainland islands, protected by strict biosecurity to keep them predator-free. This includes specific entities like the Karori Sanctuary (Zealandia), which re-established the first wild mainland population in over 200 years.

Taxonomy: One Species or Two?
Historically, science stated there were two species. Sphenodon punctatus is the common tuatara, while the Brothers Island tuatara (formerly Sphenodon guntheri) was considered distinct. However, recent genetic work typically classifies them all as a single species, Sphenodon punctatus, with significant geographic variation.

For management purposes, we still distinguish the Cook Strait tuatara which live on Stephen's Island (Takapourewa) in the Marlborough Sounds—home to the densest population of tuatara on earth (over 30,000 animals).

The Northern tuatara, Sphenodon punctatus punctatus, is a sub-group which live on offshore islands around the north of the North Island. Total tuatara population on all these islands is estimated to be between 50,000 and 100,000.

The Seabird Connection
Tuatara share a complex relationship with burrowing seabirds. 

They often co-habit in the burrows of petrels and shearwaters. It is a relationship of convenience and terror; the tuatara benefits from the guano which attracts beetles, but they also eat bird's eggs and, fun fact, baby chicks like baby petrel which they find unprotected in nest burrows.

You wanna share my baby Petrel?

Tuatara are often described as cousins with Komodo Dragons, in the sense they are living relatives of the ancient dinosaurs, though they sit on an entirely different branch of the reptile family tree. Unlike the tropical Komodo, tuatara thrive in cool weather, remaining active in temperatures as low as 5°C (41°F).

Extra for Experts: Tuatara are known to have a low sex drive and incredibly long lifespans (potentially 100+ years). Perhaps the most famous example is Henry, a resident of the Southland Museum. This Tuatara took one hundred years before he popped his cherry, becoming a father for the first time at age 111!

What do eels eat? Ducks? Fish?

Spare duck, maam?

What do eels eat? Ducks? Fish?

Well apparently Boris the eel likes to eat baby ducklings so we might be on to something. But first what are eels?

Eels are elongated fishes, and look like snakes. Most eels prefer to dwell in shallow waters or hide at the bottom layer of the ocean, sometimes in holes. Some eels dwell in water as deep as 4,000 metres (13,000 ft). Others are fairly active swimmers and some have even been known to travel across dry land in search of bodies of water. 

Did I leave the oven on?

But what do they eat? This article suggests that a freshwater eel is believed responsible for the disappearance of water fowl, small ducks and possibly birds at the pond near the Eagle Vale Leisure Centre, somewhere in Australia.

New Zealand's department of Conservation's site tells us that freshwater eels eat "live" food. Small long-finned eels living amongst the river gravels will feed on insect larvae, worms and water snails. When they get bigger, they begin to feed on fish. They will also eat fresh-water crayfish and even small birds like ducklings (like Boris!).

Sometimes however, eels with find themselves on the back foot - nature will strike back and in return for eating a swan's sweet tasty little goslings, the swan will simply eat the eel!

No gag reflex?

Humans also love to eat eels as well. The Japanese and Maori people are well known to love eel on their sushi or smoked. And sometimes kids land grown up kids love to go eeling for the sake of it:

And another proud Kiwi family showing off their catch: